ow do I use bash for loop to repeat certain task under Linux / UNIX operating system? How do I set infinite loops using for statement? How do I use three-parameter for loop control expression?
A ‘for loop’ is a bash programming language statement which allows code to be repeatedly executed. A for loop is classified as an iteration statement i.e. it is the repetition of a process within a bash script.
For example, you can run UNIX command or task 5 times or read and process list of files using a for loop. A for loop can be used at a shell prompt or within a shell script itself.
for loop syntax
Numeric ranges for syntax is as follows:
for VARIABLE in 1 2 3 4 5 .. N do command1 command2 commandN done
OR
for VARIABLE in file1 file2 file3 do command1 on $VARIABLE command2 commandN done
OR
for OUTPUT in $(Linux-Or-Unix-Command-Here) do command1 on $OUTPUT command2 on $OUTPUT commandN done
Examples
This type of for loop is characterized by counting. The range is specified by a beginning (#1) and ending number (#5). The for loop executes a sequence of commands for each member in a list of items. A representative example in BASH is as follows to display welcome message 5 times with for loop:
#!/bin/bash for i in 1 2 3 4 5 do echo "Welcome $i times" done
Sometimes you may need to set a step value (allowing one to count by two’s or to count backwards for instance). Latest bash version 3.0+ has inbuilt support for setting up ranges:
#!/bin/bash
for i in {1..5}
do
echo "Welcome $i times"
done
Bash v4.0+ has inbuilt support for setting up a step value using {START..END..INCREMENT} syntax:
#!/bin/bash
echo "Bash version ${BASH_VERSION}..."
for i in {0..10..2}
do
echo "Welcome $i times"
done
Sample outputs:
Bash version 4.0.33(0)-release... Welcome 0 times Welcome 2 times Welcome 4 times Welcome 6 times Welcome 8 times Welcome 10 times
Three-expression bash for loops syntax
This type of for loop share a common heritage with the C programming language. It is characterized by a three-parameter loop control expression; consisting of an initializer (EXP1), a loop-test or condition (EXP2), and a counting expression (EXP3).
for (( EXP1; EXP2; EXP3 )) do command1 command2 command3 done
A representative three-expression example in bash as follows:
#!/bin/bash for (( c=1; c<=5; c++ )) do echo "Welcome $c times" done
Sample output:
Welcome 1 times Welcome 2 times Welcome 3 times Welcome 4 times Welcome 5 times
How do I use for as infinite loops?
Infinite for loop can be created with empty expressions, such as:
#!/bin/bash for (( ; ; )) do echo "infinite loops [ hit CTRL+C to stop]" done
Conditional exit with break
You can do early exit with break statement inside the for loop. You can exit from within a FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop using break. General break statement inside the for loop:
for I in 1 2 3 4 5 do statements1 #Executed for all values of ''I'', up to a disaster-condition if any. statements2 if (disaster-condition) then break #Abandon the loop. fi statements3 #While good and, no disaster-condition. done
Following shell script will go though all files stored in /etc directory. The for loop will be abandon when /etc/resolv.conf file found.
#!/bin/bash
for file in /etc/*
do
if [ "${file}" == "/etc/resolv.conf" ]
then
countNameservers=$(grep -c nameserver /etc/resolv.conf)
echo "Total ${countNameservers} nameservers defined in ${file}"
break
fi
done
Early continuation with continue statement
To resume the next iteration of the enclosing FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop use continue statement.
for I in 1 2 3 4 5 do statements1 #Executed for all values of ''I'', up to a disaster-condition if any. statements2 if (condition) then continue #Go to next iteration of I in the loop and skip statements3 fi statements3 done
This script make backup of all file names specified on command line. If .bak file exists, it will skip the cp command.
#!/bin/bash
FILES="$@"
for f in $FILES
do
# if .bak backup file exists, read next file
if [ -f ${f}.bak ]
then
echo "Skiping $f file..."
continue # read next file and skip cp command
fi
# we are hear means no backup file exists, just use cp command to copy file
/bin/cp $f $f.bak
done
